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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-39174596357810077672014-08-18T13:23:00.000+12:002014-08-18T13:23:13.418+12:002020 Vision - Labour's Treaty Settlement Policy<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Labour Party has released its <a href="https://www.labour.org.nz/sites/default/files/issues/policy-maorieconomicdevelopment.pdf">Māori Development policy</a> that includes their
intention to ensure that all historical Treaty settlements are completed by
2020. The National Party had previously set a target of 2014 to have Deeds of
Settlement completed with all outstanding groups. This target will not be met
despite the accelerated speed of settlements under the current government.
Keeping in mind that speed is not, of course, equivalent to quality, it should
be obvious that nobody is more anxious to complete just and durable settlements
than those whose claims are to be settled. I am, nonetheless, cautious about
the way in which these targets are articulated. Such targets may be beneficial
if they signal that a high priority is to be placed on the resolution of these
issues and resources are to be directed to the claims and settlement process
accordingly. However, they can be problematic if the intention is to simply impose
a deadline for political reasons. In that case it may merely act as one more
unilaterally imposed constraint on the settlement process which ultimately
undermines both their justice and durability (which I would argue are both
fragile enough as it is).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In its <a href="http://www.justice.govt.nz/tribunals/waitangi-tribunal/documents/public/strategic-direction-2014-2025">Strategic Direction paper</a> released last month, the Waitangi
Tribunal is also aiming to complete its inquiries into historical claims by
2020. In that document, covering the period 2014-2025, the Tribunal sets out
five categories of claims to assist it to prioritise work according to its
strategic objectives:</span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Final district inquiries and remaining historical claims (to be
completed by 2020);</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">High priority kaupapa claims [thematic claims, often related to a
contemporary policy issue, often of national significance] (to be progressed by
2020);</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Remaining kaupapa claims [especially those with a historical grievance
not addressed by the settlement process] (to be substantially advanced or
completed by 2025);</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Address the backlog of contemporary claims (by 2025); and</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Address urgent claims arising from Treaty settlement processes and any
kaupapa or contemporary claims granted urgency (to be dealt with urgently as
they arise).</span></li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Although the 2020 timeframe is the issue that has gained media attention,
this timeframe has been announced by Labour as part of a much wider Māori
Development policy. Even within the section on the Treaty of Waitangi, there
are many more interesting measures proposed. Amongst other things, Labour
proposes to:</span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">implement a Treaty education programme for
stakeholders and communities</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">continue to work with hapū and iwi on
innovative redress models to best reflect the nature of their claims under the
Treaty of Waitangi</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">review the various mechanisms that give
effect to the Crown’s ongoing obligations arising from the Treaty settlement
process – the intent will be to report on the implementation of such
commitments.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">review the role and function of the Waitangi
Tribunal once historical treaty claims have been settled, recognising that the
inherent nature of the Tribunal has been to consider the way in which the Crown
has upheld its obligations as a Treaty partner.</span></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span>There is also a section on post-settlement relationships in which Labour
commits to:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">work in partnership with hapū and iwi to
develop relevant Governance frameworks that recognise the unique collective
feature of tribal wealth and resources</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">consider the active partnership opportunities
that can be forged with iwi on projects of national significance</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">work with hapū, iwi and Māori to quantify
the contribution of its economy on real growth and productivity predictors that
inform its economic policy</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">work in partnership with Māori to develop a
unique export trade window that platforms industry participation in niche
markets</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">consider Māori business and services equally
in the tendering and procurement of services in its regional economic growth
initiatives.</span></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b>Importantly, the policy recognises the ongoing obligations that the Crown
has, not only in the implementation of Treaty settlements, but, more broadly,
as a result of the continuing Treaty partnership. This is important because the
Treaty of Waitangi created a relationship that will continue to exist beyond
2020, whether all historical claims are settled by that date or not.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-53092002276281194872014-05-13T00:34:00.001+12:002014-05-13T00:34:53.118+12:00Ka Mate, Ka Mate; Ka Ora, Ka Ora<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU">A few weeks ago, the <a href="http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2014/0018/latest/DLM5954403.html?search=qs_act%40bill%40regulation%40deemedreg_ka+mate_resel_25_h&p=1">Haka Ka MateAttribution Act 2014</a> was passed into law. This Act gives effect to provisions
contained in the Ngāti Toa Rangatira Deed of Settlement that relate to the haka
<i><a href="http://www.ngatitoa.iwi.nz/ka-mate/">Ka Mate</a>. </i>Composed by the Ngāti Toa
leader <a href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1t74/te-rauparaha">Te Rauparaha</a>, <i>Ka Mate </i>has
evolved into something that is seen as a national haka, performed by many of
New Zealand’s national sporting teams.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As the statement of
association set out in the Act makes clear, although <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ka Mate </i>is perceived as being symbolic of New Zealand identity, Ngāti
Toa see this haka as being inextricably bound up with their own tribal
identity:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The haka Ka Mate is
regarded by Ngāti Toa Rangatira as one of the legacies of Te Rauparaha. Given
the role of Te Rauparaha in Ngāti Toa Rangatira history, the connection between
Ngāti Toa Rangatira and the haka Ka Mate is significant, and it forms an
integral part of Ngāti Toa Rangatira history, culture, and identity.</span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU"><o:p> </o:p></span>The Act (and the provisions in the Deed of
Settlement that it implements) is designed to address long-standing concerns Ngāti
Toa have had about the performance and use of <i>Ka Mate</i>. The Tribunal heard
evidence relating to <i>Ka Mate </i>in its
Wai 262 inquiry and in <i><a href="https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/WT/reports/reportSummary.html?reportId=wt_DOC_68356606">Ko Aotearoa Tēnei</a>:
A report into claims concerning New Zealand law and policy affecting Māori
culture and identity </i>(2011) the general thrust of Ngāti Toa’s concerns were
outlined as follows:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="EN-AU">Te Ariki Kawhe Wineera, a direct descendant
of Te Rauparaha, is concerned about the misuse of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ka Mate</i> in various New Zealand and overseas commercial ventures.
While some renditions of the haka are respectful, many simply ignore the
cultural values inherent in the composition, and some are unquestionably
offensive – including, for example, an Italian television advertisement for
Fiat cars in which a group of women perform a mock haka. Mr Wineera wishes to
protect the integrity of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ka Mate</i>, as
well as the values that underlie it. He also wishes to ensure that in
circumstances where <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ka Mate</i> is
performed respectfully and with the consent of his iwi, Ngāti Toa receives at
least some of the commercial benefits that might flow from that use. He argued
that Ngāti Toa’s kaitiakitanga [guardianship] in respect of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ka Mate</i> should be recognised in law.</span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU"><o:p> </o:p></span>In this Act, the Crown
acknowledges the significance of Ka Mate as a taonga of Ngāti Toa Rangatira and
as an integral part of their history, culture and identity. The Act also
provides that any publication of Ka Mate for commercial purposes and
communication of Ka Mate to the public must include a statement that Te
Rauparaha was the composer of Ka Mate and a chief of Ngāti Toa Rangatira. This legislation
will be reviewed after 5 years of enactment to consider whether the interests
of Ngāti Toa Rangatira relating to Ka Mate are sufficiently protected.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One thing that is
obvious but interesting in the case of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ka
Mate </i>is that Ngāti Toa are not attempting to prevent the haka being
performed, but rather wish to ensure that its integrity is maintained and that
the mana of Te Rauparaha and Ngāti Toa are acknowledged. According to <a href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11240050">media reports</a>, Ngāti Toa have good relationships with the NZ Rugby Football Union, other
national sports teams, and institutions such as the army and police who use <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ka Mate</i>. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This Act responds to
some of the particular issues faced by Ngāti Toa in relation to <i>Ka Mate. </i>However, these issues around <i>Ka Mate </i>also point to some of the wider
questions about the protection of traditional knowledge within the context of
an intellectual property rights system primarily designed to address other
types of issues. </span><span lang="EN-AU"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-72939153646777601832014-02-06T07:10:00.000+13:002014-02-06T07:10:00.434+13:00Year 174<div class="Body">
<span lang="EN-AU"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">At this time of year, I like to reflect on the
12 months gone by and take stock of the Treaty relationship. The 174th year of
the Treaty of Waitangi saw several important government reviews that address
matters directly relevant to the Treaty relationship. It was another busy year
in terms of Treaty settlements and some major pieces of settlement legislation
were introduced. A well-publicised decision in the Supreme Court
re-strengthened Treaty principles. And the New Zealand legal system shows signs
of beginning to operate in a more bicultural way.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Body">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body">
<i><span lang="EN-AU"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The year in reviews<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="Body">
<span lang="EN-AU"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2013 seemed to be a year in which a number of
important elements of the Treaty relationship were under review in some way or
other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Body">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The
Constitution Conversation<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-AU">Perhaps most significantly, the Constitutional
Advisory Panel's <a href="http://www.ourconstitution.org.nz/The-Report">report</a> was released. The Panel's terms of reference
specifically directed it to consider</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
two areas that specifically relate to M</span>ā<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori:</span></span></div>
<div class="Body">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Crown-M</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ori
relationship (essentially, the place of the Treaty of Waitangi); </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">and</span> <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">M</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ori
electoral representation.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The
Panel has recommended that the Government:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">continues to affirm the
importance of the Treaty as a foundational document</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ensures a Treaty education
strategy is developed that includes the current role and status of the Treaty
and the Treaty settlement process so people can inform themselves about the
rights and obligations under the Treaty</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">supports the continued
development of the role and status of the Treaty under the current arrangements
as has occurred over the past decades</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">sets up a process to
develop a range of options for the future role of Treaty, including options
within existing constitutional arrangements and arrangements in which the
Treaty is the foundation</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">invites and supports the
people of Aotearoa New Zealand to continue the conversation about the place of
the Treaty in our constitution.</span></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<div class="Body">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">As I <a href="http://ahi-ka-roa.blogspot.co.nz/2013/12/advisory-panel-report-hardly-furthers.html">noted</a> at the time the
Panel</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">’</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">s
report was released, I am not sure that this really takes us much further in
the constitutional conversation, though I believe the Panel was always going to
be constrained in its recommendations because of its narrow terms of reference
and its politicized origins.</span></div>
<div class="Body">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body">
<span lang="EN-AU"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Note that the far more wide-ranging work being
undertaken by Matike Mai Aotearoa - the independent working group on
constitutional transformation that is being led by Moana Jackson and Margaret
Mutu is continuing. This group has conducted over 200 hui around the country between
2012-2013 and is beginning a round of feedback hui with a meeting at Waitangi
today.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Body">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Te Ture
Whenua<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-AU">Te Ture Whenua M</span><span lang="EN-AU">ā</span><span lang="EN-AU">ori Act 1993, which is the key piece of legislation that regulates M</span><span lang="EN-AU">ā</span><span lang="EN-AU">ori land, was also the subject of a government review this year. A
four-person <a href="http://beehive.govt.nz/release/te-ture-whenua-m%C4%81ori-act-review-announced">panel</a> sought feedback in April 2013 on <a href="http://www.tpk.govt.nz/en/in-print/our-publications/publications/te-ture-whenua-maori-act-1993-review-panel-discussion-document/">five key propositions</a>:</span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proposition 1:
Utilisation of M</span></b><b>ā</b><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori land should be able to be determined by a
majority of engaged owners</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">An engaged owner is defined
as an owner who has actively demonstrated their commitment to their ownership
interest by exercising a vote either in person or by proxy or nominee. Engaged
owners should be able to make decisions (excluding sale or other permanent
disposition) without the need for endorsement by the M</span>ā<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori Land
Court.<br /><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proposition 2: All M</span></b><b>ā</b><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori
land should be capable of utilisation and effective administration</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Where owners are either not
engaged or are unable to be located, an external manager</span> <span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">or
administrator may be appointed to manage under-utilised M</span>ā<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori
land. The M</span>ā<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori
Land Court should have a role in approving the appointment and retaining
oversight of external administrators.<br /><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proposition 3: M</span></b><b>ā</b><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori
land should have effective, fit for purpose, governance</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The duties and obligations
of trustees and other governance bodies who administer or manage M</span>ā<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori land
should be aligned with the laws that apply to general land and corporate
bodies. There should be greater consistency in the rules and processes
associated with various types of governance structures.<br /><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proposition 4: There
should be an enabling institutional framework to support owners of M</span></b><b>ā</b><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori
land to make decisions and resolve any disputes</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Disputes relating to M</span>ā<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori land
should be referred to mediation in the first instance. Where the dispute
remains unresolved following mediation, it may be determined by the M</span>ā<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori Land
Court.<br /><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proposition 5: Excessive
fragmentation of M</span></b><b>ā</b><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori land should be discouraged.</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Succession to M</span>ā<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori land
should be simplified. A register should be maintained to record the names and
whakapapa of all interests in M</span>ā<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori land, regardless of size.<o:p></o:p></span></span></blockquote>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">When originally
established, the panel was due to report to Government by December 2012. These
timelines were extended, but there have been no public announcements on this
matter since submissions closed over six months ago.</span></div>
<div class="Body">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU">The<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>New Zealand M</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU">ā</span><span lang="EN-AU">ori Council<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-AU">The Government also initiated a review of the M</span><span lang="EN-AU">ā</span><span lang="EN-AU">ori Community Development Act last year. This is a significant piece
of legislation in the context of the Treaty relationship because it is the Act
that governs the New Zealand M</span><span lang="EN-AU">ā</span><span lang="EN-AU">ori Council and the M</span><span lang="EN-AU">ā</span><span lang="EN-AU">ori Wardens. A <a href="http://www.tpk.govt.nz/_documents/MCDA-discussion-paper.pdf">discussion paper</a> was released in August 2013
presenting</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">two broad options for the future of the New
Zealand M</span>ā<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori
Council:</span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<ul>
<li><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">A new refocused national
M</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ori organisation </i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">–</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> concentrates on social and economic issues
that impact on community development for all M</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ori;
membership, direction and priorities mandated by the community, with robust and
transparent measures designed to ensure accountability to M</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ori;
legislation will need to be amended to remove outdated statutory
responsibilities; or</i></li>
<li><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">No change </i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">–</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
New Zealand M</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ori Council continues along with the existing
statutory responsibilities as outlined in the 1962 Act to:</i></li>
<ul>
<li><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">consider and discuss
matters relevant to the social and economic advancement of M</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ori;</i></li>
<li><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">promote, encourage and
assist M</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ori to conserve, improve, advance and maintain their physical, economic,
industrial, educational, social, moral, and spiritual well-being; and</i></li>
<li><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">collaborate with
government departments on employment, education, training, housing and health.</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </i></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The paper also sought feedback on the structure of the New Zealand M</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ori Council and the roles and responsibilities
of M</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ori
Wardens and proposals to re-establish Community Officers. Members of the New
Zealand M</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ori
Council filed a claim with the Waitangi Tribunal alleging that the process that
the Crown had adopted for reviewing this important piece of legislation was in
breach of the principles of the Treaty. In December 2013, <a href="http://maorilawreview.co.nz/2014/01/urgent-inquiry-into-reform-of-the-maori-community-development-act-1962/">the Waitangi Tribunal agreed</a> to convene an urgent hearing to hear some aspects of the New Zealand M</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ori
Council</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">’</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">s
claim.</span></div>
<div class="Body">
<span lang="EN-AU"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></o:p></span><i><span lang="EN-AU"><o:p><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="Body">
<i><span lang="EN-AU"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Treaty settlements<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-AU">Not only has this been another busy year for
groups involved in Treaty settlements, but there have also been some major
developments in this area. The number of agreements signed and the progress of
settlement legislation through Parliament gives a clear indication of the work
taking place in this sector. In a summary written for the <a href="http://maorilawreview.co.nz/">M</a></span><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://maorilawreview.co.nz/">ā</a></span><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://maorilawreview.co.nz/">ori Law Review</a> of settlement legislation before the House in 2013, I
noted:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Co-governance was a strong
theme in settlement legislation this year.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Many bills, especially those dealing with
highly-prized waterways or other natural resources, appear to be drawing on
some of the core ideas from the Waikato River Settlement.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
The Ng</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ti
Hau</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
and Ng</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ti
Koroki-k</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">hukura
bills directly extend the Waikato River co-management regime.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> A
number of the bills currently before the House include provision for
co-governance mechanisms, not only between M</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ori and the Crown, but between two or more M</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ori
communities.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Perhaps the most striking example of the creative possibilities of
co-governance models is the approach adopted in the Te Urewera-Tuhoe Bill.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> In
that instance, a governance board is established with members appointed by T</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ū</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">hoe and
the Crown to act on behalf of Te Urewera itself.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> And there is also provision within that Bill
for other iwi</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">’</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">s
interests within Te Urewera.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> As this example illustrates, along with many
of the other settlement bills introduced this year, Treaty settlements almost
always need to take account of complex and inter-locking rights and interests.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
The settlement legislation this year covers areas such as the Waikato, Rotorua,
and Te Tau Ihu where these inter-locking interests are evident and as more and
more settlements are completed we are beginning to see an increasing amount of </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">‘</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">cross-referencing</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">’</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> that
attempts to capture this complexity.</span></blockquote>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The arrangements in
relation to Te Urewera are amongst the most notable developments in the Treaty
settlement arena. As described in the M</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ori Law Review summary of the Te Urewera-Tuhoe
Bill, the key mechanisms are as follows:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Te Urewera is declared to
be a legal entity, having all the rights, powers, duties and liabilities of a
legal person. The Bill provides that Te Urewera establishment land will no longer
be vested in the Crown but will instead will be inalienable and vest in Te
Urewera itself.</span> <span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> The rights, powers and duties of Te Urewera are to be exercised on its
behalf by a governance body to be established by the Bill, known as Te Urewera
Board.</span> <span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> The Board is to provide governance for Te Urewera by undertaking
functions such as preparing and approving a management plan for Te Urewera,
monitoring the implementation of that plan, making bylaws for Te Urewera,
promoting and advocating for the interests of Te Urewera in statutory
processes, and a range of similar activities. The Board will initially consist
of four members appointed by the trustees of T</span>ū<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">hoe Te Uru Taumata and four members appointed
by the Crown.</span> <span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> From the third anniversary of the settlement date, the Board will
consist of six members appointed by the trustees of T</span>ū<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">hoe Te
Uru Taumata and three members appointed by the Crown. The chief executive of T</span>ū<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">hoe Te
Uru Taumata and the Director-General of Conservation will be responsible for
the operational management of Te Urewera in accordance with the plan and
priorities adopted by the Board.</span></span></blockquote>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span lang="EN-AU">Water and State-Owned Enterprises</span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">One of the more
high-profile Treaty-related developments of 2013 came near the start of the
year when in February the Supreme Court issued its decision in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New Zealand M</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ā</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori Council v Attorney-General</span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> and dismissed the M</span>ā<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori
Council</span>’<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">s
appeal in relation to the proposed partial privatisation of Mighty River Power.
This meant that the Government could proceed with the sale of shares in Mighty
River Power, but the decision also reinforced Treaty principles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://ahi-ka-roa.blogspot.co.nz/2013/02/three-quick-points-about-yesterdays.html">As I noted at the time:</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Even though the outcome of
the Supreme Court decision is the same as the outcome of the High Court
decision, the Supreme Court overrules one key aspect of Justice Ronald Young’s
reasoning. Justice Young found that the proposed sale of shares in Mighty River
Power was not subject to an action in judicial review that is based on consistency
with the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. However, the Supreme Court disagreed, drawing
for support on the approach of the Court of Appeal in the 1987 <i>SOE case</i>:</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Court of Appeal</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">’</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">s
recognition that s 9 stated a fundamental principle guiding the interpretation
of legislation which addressed issues involving the relationship of M</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ori with
the Crown, must accordingly form the basis of the approach of New Zealand
courts to any subsequent legislation requiring that the Crown act consistently
with Treaty principles. The judgment gives no support to narrow approaches to
the meaning of such clauses. In re-enacting the identical provision to act
consistently with Treaty principles, in the mixed ownership companies
legislation, Parliament</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">’</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">s purpose is that the Treaty provisions in Part
5A carry the broad meaning, and be given the broad application reflected in the
judgments of the Court of Appeal concerning s 9 in the SOE case. The
Parliamentary purpose is clear: s 45Q must receive the same interpretation as s
9 of the State-Owned Enterprises Act has received, particularly from the Court
of Appeal in the SOE case, and also from the Privy Council in New Zealand M</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ori
Council v Attorney-General (Broadcasting Assets case)</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">. Section 45Q brings with it the heritage of s
9 and this Court, reflecting what is the purpose of Parliament, must invest it
with equivalent significance. It is on that basis that we address the arguments
of counsel concerning the legislation.</span></i></blockquote>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Consequently, the Supreme
Court determined that decisions in relation to the sale of shares in Mixed
Ownership Model companies can be challenged on the basis of inconsistency with
the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> This is, I think, an important
re-strengthening of Treaty principles.</span></div>
<div class="Body">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nevertheless, the Court
went on to conclude that, because there was no </span>‘<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">material impairment</span>’<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> to the
Crown</span>’<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">s
ability to recognise M</span>ā<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori rights or provide redress, the sale of
shares would not be inconsistent with Treaty principles.</span> <span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Body">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">However, I would venture to
suggest that this is not the last we have heard about rights to water. </span><span lang="EN-AU"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Body">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body">
<i><span lang="EN-AU"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Steps towards a bicultural legal system?<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-AU">The past 12 months have also seen some positive
developments in the way that the New Zealand legal system engages with the M</span><span lang="EN-AU">ā</span><span lang="EN-AU">ori world. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Body">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-AU">In December 2013, five candidates were admitted
as barristers and solicitors of the High Court in a <a href="http://www.maoritelevision.com/news/regional/maori-law-graduates-sworn-today-te-reo">ceremony</a> that was, for the
first time, conducted in te reo M</span><span lang="EN-AU">ā</span><span lang="EN-AU">ori.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Body">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN-AU">Another first was the enactment of a bilingual
statute. The Mokomoko (Restoration of Character, Mana, and Reputation) Act 2013
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">gives effect to an agreement
between the Crown and the descendants of the rangatira Mokomoko for the Crown
to obtain both statutory recognition to the free pardon granted to Mokomoko in
1992 and a declaration that the character, mana and reputation of Mokomoko and
his uri (descendants) are restored. Mokomoko was a rangatira of Whakat</span>ō<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">hea who
was wrongly convicted of murder and executed in 1866. He</span> <span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">was
subsequently pardoned in 1992.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="Body">
<br /></div>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As I noted in the M</span>ā<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori Law
Review report on the Bill:</span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The M</span>ā<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori
Affairs Select Committee supported the request of te wh</span>ā<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">nau a
Mokomoko to amend the bill by having a full Te Reo M</span>ā<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori
translation included.</span> <span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> The Select Committee report noted that
translating the legislation before enactment would have the legal impact that
the English and Te Reo M</span>ā<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ori versions would be considered equal and the
Committee commented on the positive impact that the dual translation could have
on future legislation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></blockquote>
<div class="Body">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">And this was also in a year in which two
important books were published that speak directly to the bicultural dimensions
of our legal system. The first is <i><a href="http://vup.victoria.ac.nz/te-m-t-punenga">Te M</a></i></span><a href="http://vup.victoria.ac.nz/te-m-t-punenga">ātāpunenga: A Compendiumof References to the Concepts and Institutions of Māori Customary Law.</a><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> The second is <i><a href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/store/catalog/apac/productdetail.jsp?pageName=relatedProducts&catId=nzcat17&prodId=prod950287">He Papakupu Reo Ture: A Dictionary of M</a></i></span><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/store/catalog/apac/productdetail.jsp?pageName=relatedProducts&catId=nzcat17&prodId=prod950287"><span lang="EN-AU">ā</span><span lang="EN-AU">ori Legal Terms.</span></a></i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Both are significant resources that are set to make an important
contribution to the way in which New Zealand law approaches M</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ā</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ori issues.</span></div>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">This may only be tentative first steps and have
arguably been a long time coming, but, in the 174</span><sup style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> year of the life
of the Treaty of Waitangi, they are encouraging signs nonetheless.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-82119657705243282032013-12-06T11:55:00.000+13:002013-12-06T11:55:01.113+13:00Advisory panel report hardly furthers 'constitutional conversation'
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: GuardianSans-Bold;">Yesterday the <a href="http://www.ourconstitution.org.nz/The-Report">final report</a> of the Constitutional Advisory Panel was
released by the responsible Ministers.
It is difficult to see what the report adds to a process of
constitution-building in Aotearoa. The report mostly identifies that there are
a range of opinions on various technical issues and that more public education
about constitutional and civic matters is necessary. This is hardly news. I should add that I do not intend this
as any criticism of the Constitutional Advisory Panel itself. The terms of
reference that were set for the Panel virtually ensured that this would be the
case.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: GuardianSans-Bold;">The Panel deals with two areas that specifically relate to Māori:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: GuardianSans-Bold;">
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</div>
<ul>
<li>The Crown-Māori relationship (essentially, the place of the Treaty of
Waitangi); and</li>
<li>Māori electoral representation.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: GuardianSans-Bold;">In both areas, the Panel’s report identifies that there are effectively
three options: Strengthen or enhance the existing mechanisms, maintain the
status-quo, or remove the existing mechanisms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: GuardianSans-Bold;">In the case of the Treaty the Panel’s report describes two models that
would strengthen, to various degrees, the role of the Treaty in our
constitution (‘A Treaty-based constitution’ and ‘Take active steps to
accommodate Treaty rights and obligations’), one model that effectively
represents the status quo (‘Maintain development of existing arrangements to
accommodate Treaty rights and obligations’), and one model that removes the
Treaty altogether (‘A constitution without the Treaty’):</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #003333; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;"><i>A
Treaty-based constitution</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;">One
option discussed in the Conversation was to discuss placing the Treaty and
Treaty relationships at the centre of our constitutional arrangements, rather
than attempting to graft them onto existing Westminster arrangements. Models
could be drawn from previous attempts by Māori to establish autonomous
structures and from a range of international examples including Canada,
Bolivia, Norway and the United Kingdom.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #003333; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #003333; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;"><i>Take
active steps to accommodate Treaty rights and obligations</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;">A
range of different options to more proactively recognise the Treaty within the
existing</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;">constitutional
arrangements were raised during the Conversation, including:<br /><ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;">confirming the Treaty as a tool for
interpretation, rather than having legal or constitutional force. For example,
the Treaty might be added to or referred to in a preamble to the Constitution
Act 1986</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;">making the Treaty one of the standards for
good process – the courts could test process rather than outcomes against the
Treaty</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;">making consistency with the Treaty a
required consideration in all legislation and government action, for example by
making the Treaty supreme law, perhaps along with the rights in the Bill of
Rights Act 1990.</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;">The requirements could be given force by:</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times;"> </span></li>
</ul>
</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;"><ul><ul>
<li>establishing a dedicated Treaty court, or
increasing the jurisdiction of the Waitangi Tribunal or the general courts,
with powers to assess whether legislation is consistent with Treaty principles<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times;"> </span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;"><ul><ul>
<li>creating an upper ‘Treaty’ house in
Parliament with 50% Māori membership<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times;"> </span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;"><ul><ul>
<li>entrenching Treaty rights to reduce their
vulnerability to change.</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #003333; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;"><i>Maintain
development of existing arrangements to accommodate</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #003333; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;"><i>Treaty
rights and obligations</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;">This
option would preserve the current institutions and mechanisms of government.
Most Treaty </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;">matters
would be settled by negotiation between the Government and iwi as the need
arises, with the ability to refer specified issues to the courts for resolution
if necessary.</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;">This
option may be supported by people who see the principles and text of the Treaty
as important elements of the constitution but do not consider the Treaty
discourse is fully developed enough to include it in a written constitution. In
the conversations, some Māori supported this view on the basis that the Treaty
is sacrosanct and should be left alone. It would sit outside the legal system
in much the same way as does the American Declaration of Independence in
relation to the American Constitution, yet its principles inform the
development of the law and the nation’s constitutional values.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #003333; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #003333; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;"><i>A
constitution without the Treaty</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;">The
Panel acknowledges that many New Zealanders remain sceptical that the Treaty
can be a </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;">constructive
element of our constitution and so may be reluctant to participate in a
conversation </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;">about
its future. Based on the Conversation, however, the Panel believes it is not
viable to wind back the clock. The Treaty is already a fundamental element of
our constitutional arrangements. It would be unfair, unjust and unrealistic to
go back on the commitments made to iwi and hapū by successive governments. Nor
do the arguments of equality put forward by some proponents of this view sufficiently
acknowledge the diversity of this country’s people.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;">The
Treaty is not inherently divisive – its purpose was to establish a relationship
between two </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;">peoples
in one nation. Any divisions arise from a failure to meet those obligations,
not from meeting them. The question is not just whether the Treaty is part of
the constitution, but how it is best reflected and what we want to achieve by
reflecting it.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;">The
Crown cannot turn back on the commitments made in the Treaty and subsequently
without </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;">the
risk of social and political tensions. Any decisions made in such a crisis
situation are unlikely to be enduring.</span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;">This
leads the Panel to make the following recommendations:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: GuardianSans-Bold;">The Panel recommends the Government:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: GuardianSans-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: GuardianSans-Bold;">continues to affirm the importance of the Treaty as a
foundational document<br /><o:p></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: GuardianSans-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: GuardianSans-Bold;">ensures a Treaty education strategy is developed that
includes the current role and status of the Treaty and the Treaty settlement
process so people can inform themselves about the rights and obligations under
the Treaty<br /><o:p></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: GuardianSans-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: GuardianSans-Bold;">supports the continued development of the role and
status of the Treaty under the current arrangements as has occurred over the
past decades<br /><o:p></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: GuardianSans-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: GuardianSans-Bold;">sets up a process to develop a range of options for
the future role of Treaty, including options within existing constitutional
arrangements and<br /><o:p></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: GuardianSans-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: GuardianSans-Bold;">arrangements in
which the Treaty is the foundation</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: GuardianSans-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: GuardianSans-Bold;">invites and supports the people of Aotearoa New
Zealand to continue the<br /><o:p></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: GuardianSans-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: GuardianSans-Bold;">conversation
about the place of the Treaty in our constitution.</span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: GuardianSans-Bold; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: GuardianSans-Bold;">I have no
problem with the Panel addressing these models at a relatively high-level and
I am pleased to see that the Panel confirmed that the Treaty does have a place
within our constitutional arrangements.
However, I fail to see how the report’s observations or the bland
recommendations that have been proposed take us any further forward in a
constitutional conversation than we were a year or so ago - or even ten years ago, for that matter. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: GuardianSans-Medium; font-size: 6.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: GuardianSans-Medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-72174453093660190202013-10-23T11:11:00.001+13:002013-10-23T11:11:39.831+13:00Legal significance of the UNDRIP
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The Special Rapporteur on
the Rights of Indigenous Peoples yesterday submitted his <a href="http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/annual/2013-ga-annual-report-en.pdf">annual report </a>to the
United Nations General Assembly. This
will be the final such report to the General Assembly to be presented by the
current Special Rapporteur, James Anaya, as his term as Special Rapporteur will
end in April 2014. This report provides
an interesting reflection on the Special Rapporteur’s work over the six years
that Anaya has been in the role.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
He concludes his report
with some key recommendations aimed at encouraging more effective and more
comprehensive implementation of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples. Some of these recommendations are particularly relevant to the New
Zealand context.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
The Special Rapporteur
points out that States’ descriptions of the Declaration as non-binding or
‘aspirational’ are not only unhelpful but also misleading. <a href="http://www.parliament.nz/en-nz/pb/business/qoa/49HansQ_20100420_00000001/1-un-declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples%E2%80%94government">Prime Minister John Key has consistently characterized the Declaration in this way.</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
However, the Special Rapporteur
notes that the Declaration does have significant legal implications. First, it informs the binding human rights
obligations that States have under the UN Charter:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Although technically a
resolution, the Declaration has legal significance, first, because it reflects
an important level of consensus at the global level about the content of
indigenous peoples’ rights, and that consensus informs the general obligation
that States have under the Charter — an undoubtedly binding multilateral treaty
of the highest order — to respect and promote human rights, including under
Articles 1 (2), 1 (3), 55 and 56 of the Charter. The Declaration was adopted by
an overwhelming majority of Member States and with the support of indigenous
peoples worldwide and, as noted earlier, the few States that voted against the
Declaration each subsequently reversed their positions. Especially when
representing such a widespread consensus, General Assembly resolutions on
matters of human rights, having been adopted under the authority of the Charter
itself, can and do inform Member States’ obligations under the human rights
clauses of the Charter. [see Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International
Law (Oxford, 7th ed., 2009), p. 15.]</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
Second, many of the basic
rights affirmed in the Declaration constitute customary international law
because they are well-established principles that most States recognize and
expect must be complied with:<o:p></o:p></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
…some aspects of the
Declaration — including core principles of non-discrimination, cultural integrity,
property, self-determination and related precepts that are articulated in the
Declaration — constitute, or are becoming, part of customary international law
or are general principles of international law, as found by the International
Law Association after a committee of experts conducted an extensive survey of
international and State practice in relation to the Declaration.<span style="position: relative; top: -4pt;">2 </span>A norm of customary international law arises when a
preponderance of States (and other actors with international personality) converge
on a common understanding of the norm’s content and generally expect compliance
with, and share a sense of obligation to, the norm. It cannot be much disputed
that at least some of the core provisions of the Declaration, with their
grounding in well-established human rights principles, possess these
characteristics and thus reflect customary international law.</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
Third, the Special
Rapporteur identifies that the rights contained within the Declaration reflect
rights that are recognized in a number of legally binding human rights treaties
and the Declaration consequently informs the interpretation and application of
those treaties:<o:p></o:p></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
…the Declaration is an
extension of standards found in various human rights treaties that have been
widely ratified and that are legally binding on States. Human rights treaties
with provisions relating to the rights of indigenous peoples include the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. The human
rights treaty bodies that interpret and apply these treaties now frequently
apply their provisions in ways that reflect the standards in the Declaration
and sometimes explicitly refer to the Declaration in doing so. This happens, in
particular, with regard to treaty provisions affirming principles of
non-discrimination, cultural integrity and self-determination: principles that
are also incorporated into the Declaration and upon which the Declaration
elaborates with specific reference to indigenous peoples. Although the
Declaration is not necessarily dispositive when interpreting a treaty the
provisions of which intersect with those of the Declaration, it provides important
guidance of significant weight.</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
In any case, the Special Rapporteur also points
out that the status of the Declaration and the weight given to it ought not to
be measured by its technical legal significance:<o:p></o:p></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Whatever its legal
significance, moreover, the Declaration has a significant normative weight
grounded in its high degree of legitimacy. This legitimacy is a function not
only of the fact that it has been formally endorsed by an overwhelming majority
of United Nations Member States, but also the fact that it is the product of
years of advocacy and struggle by indigenous peoples themselves. The norms of
the Declaration substantially reflect indigenous peoples’ own aspirations,
which after years of deliberation have come to be accepted by the international
community. The Declaration’s wording, which has been endorsed by Member States,
explicitly manifests a commitment to the rights and principles embodied in the
Declaration. It is simply a matter of good faith that States adhere to that
expression of commitment to the norms that indigenous peoples themselves have
advanced.</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
The Special Rapporteur
suggests that arguments that characterize the Declaration as strictly
non-binding and without legal obligation are fundamentally flawed and simply
stand in the way of effective implementation of recognized human rights
standards:<o:p></o:p></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
…the significance of the
Declaration is not to be diminished by assertions of its technical status as a
resolution that in itself has a non-legally binding character. The Special
Rapporteur reiterates that implementation of the Declaration should be regarded
as political, moral and, yes, legal imperative without qualification.</blockquote>
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<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-62222260585294998542013-09-16T14:27:00.000+12:002013-09-16T14:27:50.621+12:00Māori Community Development Act proposals and the New Zealand Māori Council
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The government is currently
consulting on proposed changes to the <a href="http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1962/0133/latest/DLM341045.html">Māori Community Development Act1962</a>.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Act is significant because it
provides the legislative framework for: </span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">the New Zealand Māori
Council supported by three levels of Māori Associations (Māori Committees,
Māori Executive Committees, and District Māori Councils);</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Māori Wardens; and</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Community
Officers. </span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Māori Affairs Select Committee completed an
inquiry into the Act in 2010 and made a number of recommendations for
reform.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Select Committee also
recommended that any legislative change be preceded by comprehensive
consultation with Māori.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The <a href="http://www.tpk.govt.nz/_documents/MCDA-discussion-paper.pdf">discussion paper</a> therefore seeks views on:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">options for the future of the New Zealand Māori
Council; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">options to improve arrangements for Māori Wardens; and</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">the provisions of the Act relating to Community
Officers.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The discussion paper presents two
broad options for the future of the New Zealand Māori Council</span></div>
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</div>
<ol>
<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">A new refocused
national Māori organisation – concentrates on social and economic issues that
impact on community development for all Māori; membership, direction and
priorities mandated by the community, with robust and transparent measures
designed to ensure accountability to Māori; legislation will need to be amended
to remove outdated statutory responsibilities; or</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">No change – New
Zealand Māori Council continues along with the existing statutory
responsibilities as outlined in the 1962 Act to:</span></i></li>
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<br />
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<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">consider
and discuss matters relevant to the social and economic advancement of Māori;</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">promote, encourage
and assist Māori to conserve, improve, advance and maintain their physical,
economic, industrial, educational, social, moral, and spiritual well-being; and</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">collaborate with
government departments on employment, education, training, housing and
health. </span></i></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The paper also present two broad options for the
structure of the New Zealand Māori Council.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">A streamlined
national organisation – membership drawn from across Māoridom; clear mechanisms
to ensure members are accountable for delivering to Māori communities; or</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">No change – current
structure maintained: New Zealand Māori Council (national level), District Māori
Councils, Māori Executive Committees and Māori Committees (regional and local).</span></i></li>
</ol>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The paper also seeks feedback on the roles and responsibilities
of Māori Wardens and proposals to re-establish Community Officers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">However, it is the proposals relating to the Māori
Council that appear to be provoking the most discussion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">A <a href="http://www.maoricouncil.com/consultation-on-the-maori-community-development-act-1962/">press-release</a> from Council Co-Chair Sir Edward
Taihakurei Durie identifies the significance of the statutory recognition of
the Council and its purposes:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">For a minority group,
seeking to maintain its culture, statutory recognition of its function is
required. Without it, the Council would not have had the standing to do what it
did, in the Courts and institutions of the majority culture. It is important
above all, to support statutory recognition. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Sir Edward makes an explicit link between these issues
of representation and Treaty principles:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">There are major issues
for discussion. The immediate question is who should decide the issues and
how. The conferral of official recognition is for Maori to seek and for
government to decide, but in deciding, good faith will require significant
respect for the Treaty. As for the shape of the organisation itself, and the
process for deciding, that is for Māori to decide. That too is a Treaty
principle. The present government led process, as directed by the cabinet, is
inherently wrong. A Māori led process would require prior meetings with several
interest groups, and the production of a plan for the people. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">For those reasons the
Council says: <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">the Council should
stay until a better structure is found. </span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">the structure should
come from Māori, by Māori process. </span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">the process will take
time </span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">good faith
discussions with government, iwi leaders and urban groups should continue
meanwhile.</span></i></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Council has also posted <a href="http://www.maoricouncil.com/consultation-hui-on-review-of-maori-community-development-act-mcda/">information on their website</a> reporting on the first 12 consultation hui addressing the government’s
proposals. Their key messages are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Council is heartened
by the groundswell of support for the Council, for the role it plays in
protecting the rights and interests of all Maori and for the Maori Community
Development Act which gives Council its statutory powers.</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Over halfway through
the nationwide Crown-led consultation, the vast majority of submitters have
argued to keep the Act as it is and to keep the Wardens with the Council.</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">In the first five hui
held in Northland and Auckland submitters were unanimous in their support. This
is significant because over half of all Wardens come from these regions. One
speaker, at the sixth hui in Palmerston North called for a stand alone body for
the Wardens. At the same hui, four speakers called for the Wardens to remain
with Council.</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">In the Palmerston
North, Wanganui, New Plymouth and Hamilton hui, fewer than 14 percent of
submissions were in favour of removing Wardens from Council.</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Given that Council
and the Wardens have been shut out of the planning for these hui and have been
refused a place at the table, this is an astounding vote of confidence for the
New Zealand Maori Council.</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The theme that has
dominated has been that any reforms or changes must be carried by the Council
and Wardens themselves.</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Crown and TPK
have been criticised for withholding the Wardens funding from the Wardens. Many
speakers noted that the funds are controlled by TPK and that most Wardens have
not seen a penny.</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">A further criticism
has been that government has never funded the Council to fulfil its role under
the Act. Many noted that the Council’s funding of around $180,000 has been kept
the same for the past 20 years.</span></i></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><a href="http://www.tpk.govt.nz/en/consultation/mcda/">Consultation hui</a> are continuing through until the end
of September and the deadline for feedback has been extended until 31
October. The consultation document can
be found <a href="http://www.tpk.govt.nz/_documents/MCDA-discussion-paper.pdf">here</a> and feedback can be sent to<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Māori Community Development Act 1962 Consultation,
Freepost 157031, C/- Te Puni Kōkiri, Box 3943, Wellington 6140.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt .5in; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Or emailed to: <a href="mailto:MCDA@tpk.govt.nz"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">MCDA@tpk.govt.nz</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-45822425173123838532013-07-14T10:23:00.000+12:002013-07-14T10:27:31.683+12:00Template submission to Constitutional Advisory Panel<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The deadline for submissions to the <a href="http://www.cap.govt.nz/">Constitutional Advisory Panel</a> is <b>31 July 2013</b>. </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Maria Bargh and I have put together a <a href="http://bit.ly/17cetv8">one page template submission</a> that notes fundamental concerns about the process and also recommends that existing const</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">itutional protections for Māori be maintained. The template submission can be found <a href="http://bit.ly/17cetv8">here</a> </span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;"><br />If you support the points made in this template, you can fill out your details at the top and send it to the Panel.</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">You can either attach it to an email and send it to <b>constitutionalreview@justice.govt.nz</b> with “CAP submission” in the subject line.</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">Or, you can print it out and post it to:</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">Submissions<br />Secretariat, Constitutional Advisory Panel<br />C/o Ministry of Justice<br />DX SX10088<br />Wellington</span></span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-42135966469713619422013-07-11T12:07:00.000+12:002013-07-11T12:07:33.809+12:00Meeting of Indigenous Peoples in Alta, NorwayLast month I participated in a meeting of Indigenous Peoples in Alta, Norway. This meeting was part of the preparatory process for the <a href="http://wcip2014.org/">UN World Conference on Indigenous Peoples</a> to be held in September 2014. As part of the process of disseminiating information about the World Conference and reporting back on developments at the Alta preparatory meeting, myself and two other delegate from Aotearoa have put together a <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B8r1cPzVYEiCdkxyTWllb3ZFRjA/edit?usp=sharing">de-brief paper</a> which sets out some of the background to the Alta meeting and identifies key issues for consideration from this point on. This hopefully provides a little context for the official <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B8r1cPzVYEiCbUFOZEN4b0RWVjg/edit?usp=sharing">final outcome document</a> from the Alta meeting.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-80221261096330430342013-06-10T01:08:00.000+12:002013-06-10T01:08:27.579+12:00Constitutions and the UNDRIP<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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The 12<sup>th</sup> session of the <a href="http://social.un.org/index/IndigenousPeoples.aspx">United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues </a>was held in New York at the end of
last month. As always, a wide range of
issues of particular interest to Indigenous Peoples was addressed. One of the documents tabled at this session
was a <a href="http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N13/238/19/PDF/N1323819.pdf?OpenElement">paper</a> written by members of the Forum that considered the way in which
states recognised (or not, as the case may be) the United Nations Declaration
on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples within their national constitutions. This paper is a result of the Forum’s
decision in 2011 to agree to undertake a study on the nature and extent of the
inclusion of the human rights of indigenous peoples in national constitutions,
with reference to the rights affirmed in the United Nations Declaration on the
Rights of Indigenous Peoples.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The study paper provides a useful survey of the
ways in which states are constitutionalizing the rights of Indigenous
Peoples. It considers specific aspects of
the constitutions of Mexico, Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia, the Russian Federation,
the USA, Canada, South Africa, the Phillipines, Denmark, Uganda, India,
Malaysia, Kenya, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Finland, Sweden, Nepal, Australia, and
New Zealand. Some of these constitutions provide strong recognition of
Indigenous Peoples’ rights, others, while still recognizing the presence of
Indigenous Peoples have slightly weaker protections.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The paper also makes an interesting link between
constitutional recognition and issues of identity and well-being:<o:p></o:p></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Constitutional recognition is regarded as an
important symbolic and substantive development that is about not only
entrenchment of substantive indigenous rights but also improvement of
well-being. As one indigenous leader from Australia explains: </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>"I have come to think of national constitutions
as the ultimate framework within which the wellbeing — or un-wellbeing — of a
nation’s citizens is provided for. For it is the national constitution that
defines how a society is to be governed and the place of the citizen and his or
her relationship with other citizens and the country’s institutions." </i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
This idea has been supported by the Royal
Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, which identifies an
association between lack of constitutional recognition and the socioeconomic
disadvantage of indigenous peoples. In particular, the College argues that
recognition is a critical step to support the improvement of indigenous mental
health and that the lack of acknowledgement of a people’s existence in a
country’s constitution has a major impact on their sense of identity and value
within the community and perpetuates discrimination and prejudice, which
further erodes the hope of indigenous people.</blockquote>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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The study paper makes eight concluding
recommendations:</div>
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<ul>
<li>Indigenous peoples should be recognized in national constitutions as
such, including with specific mention of their rights. States that do not
currently recognize indigenous peoples or indigenous rights in their
constitutions should move towards a constitutional reform process in
consultation with indigenous peoples.</li>
<li>States should entrench the Declaration in national constitutions and
adopt it as the framework for the development and implementation of the rights
of indigenous peoples, with a special focus on article 3.</li>
<li>The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights should support the
action of its Working Group of Experts on the Rights of Indigenous
Populations/Communities in Africa by increasing its budget.</li>
<li>States should engage in dialogue with one another in order to gain
greater insight into the importance of recognizing the rights of indigenous
peoples.</li>
<li>Civil society should be more active in advocating the implementation of
the Declaration.</li>
<li>States should mobilize resources in order to carry out awareness
campaigns and train decision makers, United Nations bodies, civil society
organizations, indigenous peoples and other stakeholders in the constitutional
recognition of indigenous rights.</li>
<li>States should revoke existing constitutional measures that discriminate
against indigenous peoples. They should include protective safeguards, in
particular with regard to racial non-discrimination, in their constitutions in
consultation with the indigenous peoples of their countries.</li>
<li>States should adopt organic and enabling legislation, and corresponding
executive, policy and programmatic action, to implement constitutional
provisions that safeguard the rights of indigenous peoples, in consultation
with their indigenous peoples.</li>
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The content of this paper is worth keeping in
mind as we think about constitutional issues in the New Zealand context, with
the <a href="http://www.ourconstitution.org.nz/">government consideration of constitutional issues</a> and the <a href="http://www.converge.org.nz/pma/iwi.htm">independentconstitutional working group (Aotearoa Matike Mai)</a> currently engaging with
people on constitutional issues through two quite distinct processes.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--EndFragment--><br />
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-4031258514494962582013-04-03T22:30:00.001+13:002013-04-03T22:30:39.216+13:00Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 Review Discussion Document
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<span lang="EN-AU">Today, the government released<i> </i></span><i>Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 Review Discussion Document. </i>This document
sets out the findings and recommendations of the <a href="http://beehive.govt.nz/release/te-ture-whenua-m%C4%81ori-act-review-announced">panel</a> established to look at
ways of improving <a href="http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0004/latest/DLM289882.html?src=qs">Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993</a>, which is the central piece of
legislation that governs the administration of Māori land. The discussion document seeks feedback on
five key propositions:</div>
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<b>Proposition 1: Utilisation of Māori land should
be able to be determined by a majority of engaged owners<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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An engaged owner is
defined as an owner who has actively demonstrated their commitment to their
ownership interest by exercising a vote either in person or by proxy or
nominee. Engaged owners should be able to make decisions (excluding sale or
other permanent disposition) without the need for endorsement by the Māori Land
Court.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Proposition 2: All Māori land should be capable
of utilisation and effective administration<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Where owners are
either not engaged or are unable to be located, an external manager or
administrator may be appointed to manage under-utilised Māori land. The Māori
Land Court should have a role in approving the appointment and retaining
oversight of external administrators.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Proposition 3: Māori land should have
effective, fit for purpose, governance<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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The duties and
obligations of trustees and other governance bodies who administer or manage Māori
land should be aligned with the laws that apply to general land and corporate
bodies. There should be greater consistency in the rules and processes
associated with various types of governance structures.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Proposition 4: There should be an enabling
institutional framework to support owners of Māori land to make decisions and
resolve any disputes<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Disputes relating to Māori
land should be referred to mediation in the first instance. Where the dispute
remains unresolved following mediation, it may be determined by the Māori Land
Court.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Proposition 5: Excessive fragmentation of Māori
land should be discouraged.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Succession to Māori
land should be simplified. A register should be maintained to record the names
and whakapapa of all interests in Māori land, regardless of size.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">The discussion document is available <a href="http://www.tpk.govt.nz/en/in-print/our-publications/publications/te-ture-whenua-maori-act-1993-review-panel-discussion-document/">here</a>. There is to be a round of consultation hui on
this document through April and May. </span>Written submissions are due on 17 May 2013, and
can be sent to <a href="mailto:TTWMA@tpk.govt.nz">TTWMA@tpk.govt.nz</a>
or Te Ture Whenua Maori Act Review Panel, c/o Te Puni Kokiri, PO Box 3943,
Wellington.<span lang="EN-AU"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-28819212481085148732013-02-28T10:57:00.001+13:002013-02-28T10:57:52.876+13:00Three quick points about yesterday’s Supreme Court decision
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yesterday
the Supreme Court issued its decision in <i><a href="http://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/from/decisions/judgments.html">NewZealand Māori Council v Attorney-General</a> </i>and dismissed the Māori Council’s
appeal in relation to the proposed partial privatisation of Mighty River Power.
As has been <a href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10868235">widely reported</a>, the result of the Supreme Court decision is that
the Government can now proceed with the sale of shares in Mighty River
Power. There will no doubt be plenty of
analysis and comment on this decision, but I just wanted to touch on three
interesting points that struck me when I was reading the Court’s judgment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i>Treaty
principles reinforced</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even
though the outcome of the Supreme Court decision is the same as the outcome of
the High Court decision, the Supreme Court overrules one key aspect of Justice
Ronald Young’s reasoning. Justice Young
found that the proposed sale of shares in Mighty River Power was not subject to
an action in judicial review that is based on consistency with the principles
of the Treaty of Waitangi. However, the
Supreme Court disagreed, drawing for support on the approach of the Court of
Appeal in the 1987 <i>SOE case</i>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Court of Appeal’s recognition that s 9 stated a fundamental
principle guiding the interpretation of legislation which addressed issues
involving the relationship of Maori with the Crown, must accordingly form the
basis of the approach of New Zealand courts to any subsequent legislation
requiring that the Crown act consistently with Treaty principles. The judgment
gives no support to narrow approaches to the meaning of such clauses. In
re-enacting the identical provision to act consistently with Treaty principles,
in the mixed ownership companies legislation, Parliament’s purpose is that the
Treaty provisions in Part 5A carry the broad meaning, and be given the broad
application reflected in the judgments of the Court of Appeal concerning s 9 in
the SOE case. The Parliamentary purpose is clear: s 45Q must receive the same
interpretation as s 9 of the State-Owned Enterprises Act has received,
particularly from the Court of Appeal in the SOE case, and also from the Privy
Council in <i>New Zealand Maori Council v
Attorney-General (Broadcasting Assets case)</i>. Section 45Q brings with it the
heritage of s 9 and this Court, reflecting what is the purpose of Parliament,
must invest it with equivalent significance. It is on that basis that we
address the arguments of counsel concerning the legislation.</span></blockquote>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Consequently,
the Supreme Court determined that decisions in relation to the sale of shares
in Mixed Ownership Model companies can be challenged on the basis of
inconsistency with the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. This is, I think, an important re-strengthening
of Treaty principles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i>Redress
and material impairment</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nevertheless,
the Court went on to conclude that, because there was no ‘material impairment’
to the Crown’s ability to recognise Māori rights or provide redress, the sale
of shares would not be inconsistent with Treaty principles. The Court sets out its approach to this issue
as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As is apparent, we are prepared to accept that privatisation may limit
the scope to provide some forms of redress which are currently at least
theoretically possible. But in assessing whether this amounts to “material
impairment”, regard must be had to (a) the assurances given by the Crown, (b)
the extent to which such options are substantially in prospect, (c) the
capacity of the Crown to provide equivalent and meaningful redress, and (d) the
proven willingness and ability of the Crown to provide such redress.</span></blockquote>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">I
understand the Court’s view that most of the options for rights recognition and
redress will still be at least theoretically possible after the sale of shares
in Mighty River Power. However, given
that the sale of shares will rule out the possibility of at least some forms of
redress that are currently possible (though perhaps unlikely), I wonder whether
the agreement of Māori should be sought before those options are removed. That approach would seem to me to be
consistent with the way in which the protection mechanism was agreed between
Māori and the Crown following the <i>SOE
case</i>. If, for example, the ‘shares-plus’
scheme was seen by Māori to be the only way of effectively recognising their
interests in water bodies, is it consistent with Treaty principles for the
Crown to give up its ability to provide that redress without at least entering
into some discussion about the issue with Māori? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i>Consultation</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Which
leads to the issue of consultation. The
Supreme Court accepted that consultation with Māori was necessary following the
Waitangi Tribunal’s <i>Freshwater </i>report,
but noted that consultation occurred and was adequate:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The fact that the Crown ultimately rejected the Waitangi Tribunal
suggestion as inappropriate is not a basis from which it can be inferred that
the consultation was empty or pre-determined. Indeed, this complaint is
difficult to separate out from the substantive issue of Treaty compliance in
the privatisation. If the Crown was justified in considering that the
privatisation did not set up an impediment to recognition of Maori interests in
water, it is difficult to infer that the consultation was inadequate simply
from the fact that the idea of “shares plus” was rejected and there was no
change in the Crown’s proposal as a result. For these reasons, we consider
there is nothing in the consultation point that is not resolved with the substantive
issue of whether the sale of shares was consistent with the principles of the
Treaty.</span></blockquote>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As I have noted previously (see <a href="http://ahi-ka-roa.blogspot.co.nz/2012/02/ten-things-you-should-know-about.html">here</a> and <a href="http://ahi-ka-roa.blogspot.co.nz/2012/09/utmost-good-faith.html">here</a>), I have had real concerns about the way in
which consultation has been undertaken in relation to the Government’s partial privatisation
programme. I accept that the technical
requirement of consultation may have been met, and therefore understand the
Supreme Court’s decision on this point.
However, what this does suggest to me is that bare requirements of
consultation are not likely to be of much help to Māori when it comes to issues
such as this.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-24071477159220695232013-02-06T12:56:00.000+13:002013-02-06T20:23:28.934+13:00Year 173<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At this time of year, I like to look
back over the previous 12 months, identify some of the major developments in
the Crown-Māori relationship that we’ve seen since the previous Waitangi Day,
and reflect on the health of the Treaty relationship. The 173<sup>rd</sup> year in the life of the
Treaty has provided much to reflect upon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The proposed partial privatization of
state-owned electricity generating companies has proved to be an ongoing source
of tension between Māori and the government throughout the entire year. In February 2012 there was a flurry of
activity around the protection of Treaty principles in the new ‘Mixed Ownership
Model’ legislation. There was a hastily
convened series of ‘consultation’ hui (that did not include any hui in Taranaki
or Te Tau Ihu). The Government ignored
the overwhelming view voiced at these hui, which was that Māori did not want
shares in these companies to be sold, and pressed on with legislation to enable
the sale of shares to take place. The
Government argued that the protection provided in relation to the four power
generating companies by the Treaty principles clause in the State-Owned
Enterprises Act would not be eroded because the same ‘concepts’ would be
incorporated in the new legislation. It
is now clear that, as many of us noted at the time, simply reproducing the text
of the State-Owned Enterprises Act provision would not reproduce the same level
of protection of Treaty rights once these companies are partially privatized. From the middle of the year, the focus on
this issue turned first to the Waitangi Tribunal and then to the courts. The Tribunal granted an urgent inquiry into
issues relating to Māori rights to water resources and a hearing of matters
directly concerned with the ‘Mixed Ownership Model’ was held in July. Subsequently, the Waitangi Tribunal requested
the Crown not proceed further with the partial privatization programme before
the Tribunal issued an interim report on the matter. The Tribunal had initially indicated it would
issue this report in September but, as a result of a request by the Crown, the
Tribunal indicated that it would issue a report by 24 August, which it duly
did. In that <a href="http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/downloadpdf.asp?ReportID={C8B1F7BD-7D31-4D37-96E1-CE4B2131DDB9}">report</a>, the Tribunal found
that Māori did have residual proprietary rights in water bodies and stated that
the Crown would be in breach of Treaty principles if it proceeded with the sale
of shares in the ‘Mixed Ownership Model’ companies without first creating a
mechanism to preserve its ability to recognise Māori rights. Another round of pseudo-consultation by the
government took place, specifically in relation to the Tribunal’s suggested
‘shares-plus’ model, but there was only ever going to be one outcome, no matter
how many people turned out to participate.
In October the Prime Minister announced the next steps in the process
for the sale of shares in Mighty River Power, the first of the four companies
designated for partial privatization.
This kicked off the litigation through the ordinary courts with the
Māori Council making an application for judicial review to the High Court. Justice Ronald Young in the High Court found,
quite comprehensively, in favour of the Crown.
The Māori Council sought to appeal this decision directly to the Supreme
Court (that is, leap-frogging the Court of Appeal). The Supreme Court granted leave to appeal and
the appeal was heard over two days last week.
The Supreme Court’s decision will of course have great significance,
both for the Government’s partial privatization programme and for Treaty
jurisprudence. It is unlikely that we
will have to wait long for the Supreme Court’s view. Throughout this episode, the Waitangi
Tribunal and the courts have both shown themselves to be remarkably
fleet-footed in order to deal with this important issue with real urgency. However, from my perspective, it is difficult
to argue that the Government has engaged with this issue in genuine good
faith. ‘Consultation’ with Māori was
clearly undertaken as a box-ticking exercise and the Prime Minister’s public
statements on this matter have been consistently dismissive and misleading.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The urgent inquiry into Māori rights to
fresh water resources and the associated issues for the Mixed Ownership Model
companies was just part of another busy year for the Waitangi Tribunal. The Tribunal published a number of major
reports this year including <a href="http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/downloadpdf.asp?ReportID={8B60D3D9-A7F5-45B4-9605-F065D6645155}">a report on the funding of kohanga reo</a>, further
substantial <a href="http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/urewera/">parts of the Te Urewera Report</a>, and the <a href="http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/downloadpdf.asp?ReportID={54314B12-1F4D-472C-8AF9-D831C2F08886}">report of the National Park district inquiry</a>. The Tribunal has also been
required to address a range of issues relating to the settlement of Treaty
claims. The 2011 Supreme Court decision <i>Haronga v Waitangi Tribunal</i> led to a
significant increase in the number of urgent applications made to the Waitangi
Tribunal requesting that the Tribunal exercise its binding powers to recommend
the remedies including Crown Forest Land or former State-Owned Enterprise
land. Important remedies and
settlement-related reports in the last year have included the <a href="http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/view.asp?ReportID=E3AE22D9-EB6C-49A7-804B-6CD7E69537CC"><i>Port Nicholson Block Urgency Report</i> </a>and
the recently released <i><a href="http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/downloadpdf.asp?reportid={0884DD6F-27E6-4F10-B2FD-41E01E256C4F}">Ngāti Kahu RemediesReport.</a><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We’ve also seen Treaty settlement
legislation enacted at a faster rate than ever before. <a href="http://beehive.govt.nz/release/new-standing-orders-help-keep-momentum-treaty-settlements">Some changes in legislative procedure</a> have
meant that an unprecedented twelve settlement or settlement-related acts have
been enacted this year. Two pieces of
legislation – the Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei Claims Settlement Act and the
Rongowhakaata Claims Settlement Act – passed through all stages of the
legislative process this year, from introduction to royal assent. This is an astonishing number of settlement
acts to be passed and moving quickly from settlement agreement to implementation
ought to be applauded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Although there were many other
developments of note in the 173<sup>rd</sup> year of life of the Treaty,
perhaps the final thing that I will draw attention to here is the
constitutional review. This is something
that could have a very significant impact on the health of the Treaty
relationship. The government appointed
constitutional advisory panel has been developing its process of engagement
over the last twelve months. Meanwhile,
the <a href="http://www.converge.org.nz/pma/iwi.htm">Independent Working Group on Constitutional Transformation – AotearoaMatike Mai</a> (not to be confused with the <a href="http://www.nzcpr.com/ConstitutionalReview.htm">Independent Constitutional Review Panel</a>), has
been holding hui with Māori up and down the country. The constitutional review was also the focus
of this year’s <a href="http://www.tepapa.govt.nz/WhatsOn/allevents/Pages/TreatyDebatesMyVoiceCountsFindingaPlacefortheTreaty.aspx">Te Papa Treaty Debate Series</a> and the constitutional conversation
is beginning. I do not expect that any
great changes will arise out of the constitutional advisory panel’s report to Government
(the narrow terms of reference and the half-hearted nature of the whole process
should see that nothing earth-shattering is included there – despite the
hysterics of <a href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/cultures/news/article.cfm?c_id=105&objectid=10859789">some</a> who appear to be slightly disconnected from reality). However, attention has at least been drawn to
constitutional issues. And, as many
commentators suggest, one of the most fundamental questions that we need to
deal with before any significant constitutional reform can take place is: how
do we give effect to the relationship envisaged in the Treaty of Waitangi? I hope that we’ll see some serious engagement
with this question (in good faith of course!) over the next 12 months and that
in a year’s time I’ll be reflecting on some really positive developments in the
health of the Treaty relationship in Year 174.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-89142646876830428232013-01-31T21:23:00.000+13:002013-01-31T21:23:32.684+13:00Te Papa Treaty Debates Series 2013 Pt 2I attended the second session of the 2013 Te Papa Treaty Debate series this evening. The format was a little different to previous sessions, which have usually had two prominent Treaty commentators each present to the audience gathered at Te Papa. This evening we heard shorter presentations from four 'young New Zealanders', followed by a discussion facilitated by Kim Hill. <br />
<br />
The four presenters - Julia Whaipooti, Reed Fleming, Duran Moy, and Mihiata Pirini - were all fantastic! <br />
<br />
If you want to hear intelligent, thoughtful, engaged, and passionate people discuss the Treaty in its broader constitutional context, I recommend that you tune in to the radio broadcast: Radio New Zealand National after the 4pm news on Sunday (3 Feb) and repeated on Tuesday (5 Feb) after the 9pm news.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-59601164284351187362013-01-24T12:17:00.000+13:002013-01-24T12:17:13.489+13:00Te Papa Treaty Debate Series 2013<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Moana Jackson and Matthew Palmer will be speaking this evening in the first of this year's <a href="http://www.tepapa.govt.nz/WhatsOn/allevents/Pages/TreatyDebatesMyVoiceCountsFindingaPlacefortheTreaty.aspx">Te Papa Treaty Debates</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The debate will also be broadcast on Radio New Zealand National after the 4pm news on Sunday (27 Jan) and repeated on Tuesday (29 Jan) after the 9pm news.<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;" /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-6928190188039743412012-12-20T12:59:00.001+13:002012-12-20T12:59:35.666+13:00Takamore v Clarke (Supreme Court)
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<span lang="EN-AU">The Supreme Court this week released its
decision in Takamore v Clarke. The case related to the burial of James
Takamore, who died in 2007 and whose body was subsequently by members of his
whanau to be buried at Opotiki, against the wishes of his wife, who was the
executor of his will. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">The Supreme Court case was an appeal from
the Court of Appeal where Mr Takamore‘s sister, Ms Josephine Takamore, had
argued that the burial of a Māori deceased is governed by Māori tikanga (the
customary practices of the Māori people) because Māori custom is a part of the
common law of New Zealand. She argued that the taking of Mr Takamore‘s body was
in accordance with Tūhoe burial custom.
The Court of Appeal confirmed that the executor of a will is entitled to
make the final decision about where the testator is to be buried. Josephine
Takamore appealed that decision but the Supreme Court has now dismissed her
appeal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Natalie Coates, a lecturer in the Faculty
of Law at the University of Auckland, has prepared <a href="http://maorilawreview.co.nz/2012/12/supreme-court-rules-on-body-burial-clash-takamore-v-clarke-2012-nzsc-116/">a very useful summary</a> of the
Supreme Court decision for the Māori Law Review.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">The full judgment is available at the <a href="http://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/from/decisions/judgments.html">Courts of New Zealand website</a>.</span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-78346406893252272682012-12-18T10:45:00.000+13:002012-12-18T10:45:33.514+13:00Māori Council case to go directly to Supreme Court<a href="http://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/front-page/cases/the-new-zealand-maori-council-v-the-attorney-general-1">Leave</a> has been granted for the New Zealand Māori Council to appeal directly to the Supreme Court in the litigation concerning the sale of shares in Mighty River Power.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-69554821585835055762012-12-11T20:26:00.000+13:002012-12-11T20:26:25.466+13:00High Court decision in Mighty River Power case
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<span lang="EN-AU"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Justice
Ronald Young has issued his decision in the High Court litigation brought by
the New Zealand Māori Council to challenge the Government’s decision to proceed
with the sale of shares in Mighty River Power (<i>New Zealand Māori Council v Attorney-General, </i>available on the <a href="http://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/from/decisions/judgments">Courts of NZ website</a>).
Justice Young found that none of the decisions taken by the Crown to
advance the sale of those shares were reviewable, that is, those decisions
could not be reviewed by the courts.
Furthermore, Justice Young concluded that even if the decisions were
reviewable, none of the grounds for review that were argued by the Māori
Council would succeed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The
New Zealand Māori Council (joined by the Waikato River and Dams Claims Trust
and the Pouakani Claims Trust) sought to challenge three key decisions made by
the Crown:</span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(a) the direction by the Cabinet to the Governor-General to bring
into force by Order in Council the State-Owned Enterprises Amendment Act 2012.
This has the effect of changing the status of Mighty River Power (‘MRP’) from
an State-Owned Enterprise (SOE’) to a Mixed Ownership Model (‘MOM’) company;</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(b) amending the constitution of MRP (and later the other SOE
companies) which currently requires 100 per cent of the shares to be held by
the Crown through the relevant Minister, to permit 49 per cent ownership by private
persons; and</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(c) offering for sale and selling up to 49 per cent of the shares
in MRP.</span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Māori Council contended that, with respect to each decision, the
Crown must act in a manner that is not inconsistent with the principles of the
Treaty of Waitangi. This argument was
premised on the decisions being subject to the Treaty principles provision in
either s 9 of the SOE Act or s 45Q of the Public Finance Amendment Act. According to this argument, ministerial
action would be inconsistent with the Treaty if the Crown did not first
implement protective mechanisms to provide for redress and protect Māori
proprietary rights to water and geothermal resources before making any of the
three decisions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In the alternative, the Māori Council argued that:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">there was inadequate consultation in relation to these decisions, which
was inconsistent with the principles of the Treaty;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">the Crown made an error of law by taking into account the idea that
“no-one owns the water” when deciding whether its actions were consistent with
Treaty principles;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">the Crown’s failure to wait for the completion of both stages of the
Waitangi Tribunal inquiry was unreasonable;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">it was an error of fact or law to conclude that a sale of 49 per cent of
the shares of MRP would not be inconsistent with Treaty principles;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">the intention to proceed with the sale of shares was a breach of a
legitimate expectation held by Māori that the Crown would act with utmost good
faith and actively protect Māori interests; and that</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">the Crown had breached the requirements of natural justice by proceeding
with the sale of shares before Māori claims to the water and geothermal
resources could be properly heard.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Waikato River and Dams Claims Trust also argued that the Crown’s
decision to proceed with the sale of shares in MRP is a breach of s64(3) of the
Waikato-Tainui Raupatu Claims (Waikato River) Settlement Act 2010.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">However, Justice Young determined that the Crown’s argument was
correct.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">He found that the decision to
bring into the State-Owned Enterprises Amendment Act into force, the
‘commencement decision’, was not subject to the Treaty provisions in either the
SOE Act or the Public Finance Amendment Act.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Crown argued that Parliament has enacted the State-Owned Enterprises
Amendment Act, delegating the decision to bring it into force to the Executive
but there is no discretion for the Executive to consider the policy decisions
that underlie making MRP a MOM company.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Those policy matters have already been determined by Parliament,
including the nature of the protection of Treaty principles that are required.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Justice Young notes that “Parliament’s
intention in passing the SOE Amendment Act and the Public Finance Amendment Act
was to ensure that those companies that are subject to the new MOM regime are
not subject to the s 9 SOE Act Treaty compliance requirement but to the s 45Q
Treaty compliance requirement”.</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">As an
interesting side-note, Justice Young also points out that</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">“The Public Finance Amendment Act 2012 provides that MOM companies will
be subject to a Treaty inconsistency rule (at s 45Q) but one which has narrower
application than s 9 of the SOE Act.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This is confirmation that the protection provided by s 9 of the SOE Act
were not completely transferred to the new MOM companies, despite Government
<a href="http://beehive.govt.nz/release/government-completes-maori-consultation">Ministers’ claims</a> that the legislation would address Māori concerns by
including a provision that reflected “the concepts of the existing section 9 of
the SOEs Act”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">As regards to the decisions to amend the constitution of MRP (a
precondition to the sale of the shares) and to offer up to 49 per cent of the
shares for sale, Justice Young found that these decisions were not reviewable
because they were the exercise of common law powers and not statutory
powers. This was a direct application of
the principle from the 1996 Court of Appeal decision relating to the sale of
shares in Radio New Zealand.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Justice Young also rejected the Māori Council’s argument that the sale
of shares in MRP would materially affect the Crown’s ability to recognize Treaty
rights and provide redress. On this
point, Justice Young comes to a different conclusion to the Waitangi Tribunal,
which had determined that in relation to the shares plus concept, the Crown’s
ability to recognize Māori rights would be compromised. Justice Young thought that the shares plus
concept would be unworkable and did not accept the Māori Council’s submission
that if the Crown was to reject the shares plus option, it had an obligation as
a reasonable Treaty partner to come up with an alternative scheme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Predictably, the Government has <a href="http://beehive.govt.nz/release/ministers-welcome-high-court-decision-mrp">welcomed</a> the decision, while it is being <a href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10853366">reported </a>that the Māori Council is preparing an appeal.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-84551236956488870552012-10-23T15:03:00.001+13:002012-10-23T15:03:17.184+13:00Iwi share offerLast week the Government <a href="http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/iwi-participation-government-share-offers">announced</a> that iwi who are yet to settle their historical Treaty claims will be able to choose to take part of the value of their settlement as shares in the energy companies that are to be partially privatized.<br />
<br />
A joint press statement by the Minister of Finance and the Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations states:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Each Iwi would be limited to 5 per cent, 10 per cent or 12.5 per cent of their likely total settlement, depending on their situation. </span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<ul>
<li><span style="text-indent: -36pt;">A 5 per
cent maximum of their likely settlement would be available for Iwi not “local”
to any of the power companies’ assets – for example, if there was no dam or
other operating asset within the Iwi’s area.</span> </li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -36pt;">A 10 per
cent limit would apply to Iwi who are “local” to any of the companies.</span> </li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -36pt;">A 12.5 per cent limit would apply to Iwi who are “local” to any of the
companies, had reached an Agreement in Principle with the Crown, and had
already agreed a quantum amount for settlement.</span><span style="text-indent: -36pt;"> </span></li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<br />
As the Māori Council has <a href="http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO1210/S00281/maori-council-on-iwi-share-offer.htm">noted</a>, this does not address any claims to water, or alter the value of any settlement. If iwi who have not yet settled do not take up this offer, they will receive cash or other assets instead of shares. <br />
<br />
There are also some interesting quirks to this offer. Iwi who take up this offer not be eligible for loyalty bonuses that will be
available to individual New Zealanders who purchase shares. And presumably iwi who have already reached an Agreement in Principle are eligible to use a greater percentage of the value of their settlement because there is some certainty around what that final value is, but it does rather look as though this is simply a reward for being cooperative. <br />
<br />
In any case, the offer seems to be entirely politically motivated with the objective of dividing Māori on this issue and taking some of the sting out of opposition to the Government's rejection of the Waitangi Tribunal's recommendations.<br />
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<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-48212817616134132922012-10-18T08:06:00.000+13:002012-10-18T08:06:50.698+13:00Waitangi Tribunal Report on Te Kohanga Reo<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Waitangi Tribunal has found that the Crown has breached the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi by failing to provide appropriate support to kohanga reo and that kōhanga reo have suffered severe prejudice as a result of the Crown’s actions and omissions.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">A summary of the Tribunal's findings are set out on the <a href="http://www.kohanga.ac.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=78&Itemid=163">Kohanga Reo National Trust website.</a></span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-17164584195705391652012-10-16T11:57:00.000+13:002012-10-16T11:57:10.913+13:00The sale of shares in MRP and the Crown's ability to recognise Māori rights
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yesterday, the
Prime Minister <a href="http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/pm-announces-next-steps-mighty-river-sale">announced</a> the next steps to for the partial privatization of
Mighty River Power. This decision appears to be based on the Government’s
position that in common law no one owns water, that Māori rights and
interests are being addressed through other fora, and that the Crown’s ability
to provide redress is not affected by the sale of shares in Mighty River
Power. Let’s consider each of these
points.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
common law no one owns water.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is
arguable that this oversimplifies the common law position as well as
misrepresenting the nature of the claim, but in any case, this is somewhat
beside the point. From a Treaty of Waitangi
perspective, the key question is what rights were guaranteed by the Treaty, not
what rights were recognized by the common law.
As the Tribunal pointed out:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">“…Māori
citizens were guaranteed the property they possessed in 1840. That right of property was not constrained by
what could be legally owned in England.
Rather it depended on what Māori possessed at the time in custom and in
fact.”</span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maori
do have rights and interests in water, and these will continue to be addressed
through a range of processes such as Treaty settlements, the Government’s Fresh
Start for Fresh Water programme and dialogue with iwi leaders.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Waitangi Tribunal explained in its 2011 report on the Wai 262 inquiry – <i>Ko Aotearoa Tēnei</i> – that delivering
exclusive or shared decision-making powers to Māori in relation to water bodies
does not depend on historical breaches of Treaty principles and Māori ought not
to be made to expend the potential of their Treaty settlement packages on
having these rights and interests recognized.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">And when the Tribunal granted an urgent
hearing of this claim it found that dialogue with iwi leaders was not an
alternative remedy for the claimants because the claimant, the Māori Council
was not a party to that dialogue. In any
case, that dialogue appeared to be proceeding on the basis that Māori rights
would not be affected by the outcomes of freshwater management reforms, whereas
the claimants argued that Māori rights in water needed to be defined before any
effects on them could be considered.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
partial sale of Mighty River Power does not impact on the Crown’s ability to
recognise Maori rights and interests in water<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Underlying this statement is the
Government’s rejection of the ‘shares plus’ concept outlined in the Waitangi
Tribunal’s interim report. The Prime
Minister’s statement says:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Financial redress and input into resource
management decisions can be provided in other – and in some cases better –
ways.</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Appointing directors and exercising
shareholder voting rights can also be achieved in other ways with the Crown,
which will remain the controlling shareholder.</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Crown does not believe that providing
iwi with special rights in making management decisions will work well and most
submitters who considered the idea agreed.</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘Shares plus’ would create a potential conflict
of interest within and between different iwi groups. And it would potentially
weaken existing relationships between iwi groups and the SOEs.</span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Whereas, the Tribunal found that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">“…a commercial option for rights
recognition or redress (where recognition is not possible) is essential. That commercial option or options should, as
far as possible, provide for the Māori development right.”</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">“In our view, the Crown is correct that
it will still be able to provide many such options after the sale of shares in
the MOM companies. We think that the
claimants’ evidence has shown that it will be significantly more difficult for
the Crown to do so once it has introduced thousands of ‘mum and dad’ investors
into the political mix. We suspect that
the Crown’s evidence underestimated the political obstacle that these new
interests will put in the way of a tax, levy, royalty, or resource rental for
the use of water to generate electricity.”</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">“But there is one area in which the Crown
will not be able to provide appropriate rights recognition or redress after the
partial privatization, and that is in the area that we have termed ‘shares
plus’: the provision of shares or special classes of shares which, in
conjunction with amended company constitutions and shareholders’ agreements,
could provide Māori with a meaningful form of commercial rights
recognition. As we have found, ‘shares
plus’ are not ‘fungible’ and company law would in practical terms prevent the
Crown from providing this form of rights recognition after the introduction of
private shareholdings, certainly after the sale of more than 25 per cent of
shares and arguably before that too.”</span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Well, I
expect we will soon see what the courts think about this issue. In the meantime, we know that the Waitangi
Tribunal, having heard evidence from expert witnesses presented by the Crown
and claimants, came to the considered view that the sale of Mighty River Power <i>will</i> have an impact on the Crown’s
ability to recognise Māori rights and interests in water bodies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-74561886799996411272012-09-20T06:32:00.000+12:002012-09-20T16:56:13.983+12:00Māori Law Review re-launch<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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The Faculty of Law at Victoria University of Wellington is hosting a
function to celebrate the re-launch of the Māori Law Review and the Review’s
association with the Faculty.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It will
be held at <b>5:30pm on 3 October 2012</b>. The venue is at the Law Faculty.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Download
the <a href="http://assets.maorilawreview.co.nz/Invitation-to-Maori-Law-Review-launch-function-3-October-2012.pdf"><span style="color: #0000e9;">invitation</span></a> if you would like to attend.
The RSVP address is on the invite.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="line-height: 200%;">If you have any questions about the launch
function please email</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 200%;"><a href="mailto:carwyn.jones@maorilawreview.com"><span style="color: #0000e9;">carwyn.jones@maorilawreview.co.nz</span></a></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-36323142615118480312012-09-05T12:54:00.001+12:002012-09-05T12:54:15.780+12:00Utmost good faith?
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">On Monday, <a href="http://beehive.govt.nz/release/mighty-river-power-ipo-go-ahead-early-next-year">John Key announced</a> that the public offering of up to 49 per cent of shares in Mighty
River Power will be delayed until early next year. This will allow consultation to take place
with Māori over the ‘shares plus’ concept raised by the Waitangi Tribunal as a
possible means of recognizing Māori residual proprietary interests in water
bodies. This might look like the
Government is trying to find a way of recognizing those interests, but, judging
by the wording of Key’s statement, it seems as though there may be real
questions as to whether the Government is engaging in this process in good
faith.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">First of all,
Key’s statement focuses on setting out reasons why the Government opposes the
‘shares plus’ concept (which the Tribunal suggested could be used to recognize Māori
residual proprietary interests through shares in the power-generating companies
that carried with them a significant degree of control over the operations of the company). Neither the formal statement nor Key’s
responses to questions on Monday suggest that the Government is entering into
this process with the aim of finding a way to implement the ‘shares plus’
concept. Key’s statement that ‘ministers
have today decided that taking some time to talk about ‘shares plus’ with relevant
iwi is the prudent thing to do’ sounds to me as though the process will be one
in which the Government will tell Māori why the ‘shares plus’ concept will not
be accepted. This is reinforced by
<a href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/politics/7604525/Next-move-awaited-in-water-saga">reports</a> that “<span style="color: #262626;">Mr Key made it clear yesterday that
the consultation period was not likely to see the Government change its mind,
but was required to strengthen the Government's legal position”.</span> This sounds
like it will be an awful lot like the “consultation” around the inclusion of a
Treaty of Waitangi provision in the legislation enabling the partial privatization
of the state-owned power generating companies. That process was about
Government ministers telling Māori what was going to happen. It was not about
listening to Māori who consistently stated that they did not want the partial
privatization to proceed without Māori rights being protected. It is difficult to see how this could be
construed as engaging in good faith, as pointed out in the <a href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/politics/news/article.cfm?c_id=280&objectid=10831776">NZ Herald editorial today</a>. It strikes me that a little bit more listening and compromise early on
in the process might have enabled the Government to avoid some of the
difficulties it is now encountering in this process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">And the
reasons for opposing the ‘shares plus’ concept are little more than political
spin. Key’s statement notes “Almost
every form of redress to Maori that could be covered by ‘shares plus’ can be
achieved in other ways”. This is
true. But this is not a reason to oppose
the ‘shares plus’ option. Implicit in
that statement is that there <i>are </i>some
forms of redress that cannot be achieved in other ways. If the Government wants to push ahead with
the partial privatization without first resolving issues relating to Māori
rights to water bodies then it ought to ensure it retains the ability to
provide all forms of redress that might be required to provide reparation. Key also says that ‘shares plus’ is
unworkable and backs that up with this example:
“if some Maori shareholders had the ability to make decisions on
strategic issues, under well-established law, those shareholders must act in
the interests of the whole company and not simply as a representative of
Maori”. I am sure that Māori
shareholders with enhanced decision-making authority could continue to make
decisions in the best interests of the whole company at the same time as
ensuring that Māori perspectives are given voice in that decision-making. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Key also
stated “Following consultation with iwi earlier this year, a careful and
deliberate decision was made to ensure that the Crown’s obligations under the
Treaty continue to rest with the Crown, not with the companies.” This makes it sound as though this was the
outcome Māori had sought through the “consultation” process. This could not be further from the truth. Māori consistently told the Crown that the
Treaty protections would be watered-down if they did not continue to apply to
100 per cent of the company. The
Government’s decision on this issue was made <i>despite</i> what Māori had said during
the consultation, not because of what was said.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Government
has also ignored other key elements of the Waitangi Tribunal’s recommendations. In particular, the Government is sticking to
its line that the partial sale of Mighty River Power will not affect the
Crown’s ability to recognize Māori rights and interests in water. The Tribunal notes that the Crown’s preferred
options for rights recognition fall short of the Treaty guarantees because they
do not recognize the proprietary element of Māori rights and do not provide for
commercial or economic benefits that accrue because of the proprietary character
of the rights in question. The Tribunal
found that, as the sole shareholder, the Crown now has flexibility to provide for
the ‘shares plus’ option that will be lost once the partial privatization has
taken place, noting</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">That would
mean that the ability to negotiate remedy agreements with Māori would be lost
if those potential remedies were by way of share issues or the transfer of
existing shares on terms involving any form of preference as to voting rights,
capital or income distributions, pre-emptive rights, or appointment of
directors, to name but some possible remedy considerations.</span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Tribunal
also recommended that the Crown urgently convene a national hui ‘in conjunction
with iwi leaders, the New Zealand Māori Council, and the parties who asserted
an interest in this claim’, but the Government has rejected this idea in favour
of much more limited discussions with specific iwi.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Furthermore, now that a national hui has been
called, under the auspices of the Māori King, <a href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/7615790/Key-Government-won-t-go-to-water-hui">Key has made it clear</a> that the
Government and National Party MPs will not attend.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Rejecting the forum for consultation
recommended by the Tribunal and clearly preferred by no less a figure than King
Tuheitia raises yet another question mark over the Government’s claim to be
engaging ‘in good faith’. </span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-19865843921881619722012-09-02T13:05:00.000+12:002012-09-02T13:05:32.072+12:00An Open Letter to Rodney Hide
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<br />
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Dear Rodney</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I suppose things that you don’t understand can be scary in a
way. There is certainly a lot of both
fear and misunderstanding expressed in <a href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/opinion/news/article.cfm?c_id=466&objectid=10831075">your opinions</a> on the Treaty of Waitangi
and the Waitangi Tribunal. I thought
perhaps a little bit more information and explanation might help you overcome
your fears.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
You know how you scoffed at the idea that ‘singing a song
can make a river yours’? Surely it is not so strange that a group of people who
exercise rights and responsibilities in relation to a river (or any other
natural resources) would record what those rights and responsibilities are?
That they would give expression to them in a statement that would be recognized
by others? There is nothing magical or spooky about this. You say you are keen on certainty in property
rights so I thought you would have liked this kind of thing. I know this is a
different form of expressing a legal relationship and articulating legal rights
and obligations than is used in common law legal systems, but it would be a bit
silly to expect legal systems with different histories and philosophies to
develop the exactly the same mechanisms for recording legal rights and
obligations.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sorry, I forgot that you don’t think Māori had a legal
system before 1840. It is hard to know what makes you think that, given the
extensive evidence, readily accessible in Waitangi Tribunal reports and other
research, that illustrates a system of Māori law that included mechanisms for
deliberative law-making, keeping leaders accountable, the allocation of rights
and responsibilities, dispute resolution, forming contractual relationships,
ascertaining tortious liability, promulgating procedural rules, and applying
legal principles. If you’re suggesting that this isn’t a legal system because
its institutions don’t look exactly like the institutions of Western legal
systems, I’m afraid that just sounds racist to me.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I know that the phrase ‘might makes right’ has a catchy kind
of ring to it, but let’s not get taken in by an easy rhyme. Māori rights to land and natural resources
were allocated according to law and principle.
Taking territory by force may have had practical implications for the
exercise of land rights, but it was not a source of legal rights itself if it
could not be supported by evidence of kinship links, historical connection and
use recognized by law. A similar
situation exists in the New Zealand state legal system today, so that if I stole your
television, for example, I might be able to keep it and use it for as long as I
could evade the police, but the act of taking it does not give me any kind of
legal rights. It does not mean that
‘might makes right’.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I hope that gives you a bit more of an idea of the way in
which the Māori legal system operates and helps you to understand the issues
better. Because there really is nothing to be
scared of in the idea of partnership.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6587967565432875106.post-69378388566574923162012-08-25T10:35:00.001+12:002012-08-25T10:35:29.893+12:00Waitangi Tribunal recommends halt to partial privatisation of state-owned power companiesThe Waitangi Tribunal has found that Māori have residual proprietary rights in bodies of water. In an interim report issued yesterday, the Tribunal found that the Crown will be in breach of Treaty principles if it proceeds with the sale of shares in State-owned power generating companies (the Mixed Ownership Model companies) without first creating a mechanism to preserve its ability to recognize Māori rights. The Tribunal recommended that the Crown urgently convene a national hui to determine a way forward and that the sale of shares in the Mixed Ownership Model companies be delayed while the Treaty partners negotiate a solution.<br /><br />For more information about the Tribunal's interim report, continue reading this post at the <a href="http://maorilawreview.co.nz/2012/08/maori-claims-to-rights-over-water-waitangi-tribunal-recommends-halt-to-partial-privatisation-of-state-owned-power-companies/">Māori Law Review website.</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03225188474551027403noreply@blogger.com